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1. Official name: Republic of India
2. Capital: New Delhi 3. Nationality: Indian 4. Continent: Asia 5. Region: South Asia Indian subcontinent 6. Area: Ranked 7th • Total 3,287,263 km2 (1,269,219 sq mi) • Land 90.08% • Water 9.92% 7. Borders: Total land borders: 15,106.70 km (9,386.87 mi) • Bangladesh: 4,096.70 km (2,545.57 mi) Bordering States – West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram • China (PRC) : 3,488 km (2,167 mi) Bordering States – Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, and Arunachal Pradesh) • Pakistan: 2,910 km (1,808 mi) Bordering States- Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, and Gujarat • Nepal: 1,751 km (1,088 mi) Bordering States – Bihar, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim, and West Bengal • Myanmar: 1,643 km (1,021 mi) Bordering States – Manipur and Nagaland • Bhutan: 699 km (434 mi) Bordering States: West Bengal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam 8. Highest point: K2 or Godwin Austin (claimed) 8,611 m (28,251.3 ft) Kangchenjunga (administered) 8,598 m (28,208.7 ft) 9. Lowest point: Kuttanad; –2.2 m (–7.2 ft) 10. Longest river: Ganges, Brahmaputra 11. Largest lake: Chilka Lake (Odisha). Major Physiographic Divisions
The landmass of India can be divided into the following major physiographic divisions.
The Himalayan Mountain, Northern plain, Peninsular plateau, Indian desert, Coastal Plains, the islands. The Himalayan Mountains
The Himalayas are the youngest mountains in the world. They are structurally folded mountains, form an arc of about 2,400 km long from west to east. The width of India varies from 400 km in Kashmir to 150 km in Arunachal Pradesh. The altitudinal variations are greater in the eastern part than in the western part. There are four parallel ranges in its longitudinal extent. The zaskar range lies west of Himalayas and Indus gorge is beyond it.
The Great or Inner Himalayas
It is known as ‘Himadri, it is the most continuous range with loftiest peaks.
The average height of peaks here is 6,000 meters. Asymmetrical folds having granite in the core are snow-covered throughout the year. The Lesser Himalayas or Himachal
This lies south of the Great Himalayas and north of Shiwalik with altitude varying from 3,700 m to 4,500 m. The average width of this range is 60-80 km. This range is basically composed of highly compressed and altered rocks. Pir Panjal, Dhaula Dhar, Mahabharat and Mussorie ranges are found as we move west to east.
The Shiwaliks or the Outer Himalayas
It is an outermost range and is also known as lesser Himalayas. The altitude varies between 900 – 1100 km and the width varies between 10 -50 km in this range. The longitudinal valleys lying between the Himachal and Shiwaliks are called ‘Dun’ and are composed of unconsolidated sediments.
Trans Himalayas
It includes the Karakoram and Ladakh Ranges. Karakoram Range (Krishnagiri) lies north of Indus. Extended from Pamir crossing Gilgit river reaches Ladakh. The elevation is above 5500 m and width is 120-140 Km. Ladakh Range is situated in Kashmir between Indus and its tributary Shyok. The highest peak of trans Himaya is Mt. Rakaposhi (7880).
Valleys and its locations
• Araku Valley: Andhra Pradesh
• Damodar Valley: Jharkhand and West Bengal • Darma Valley: Uttarakhand • Dzukou Valley: North-eastern part • Johar Valley: Uttarakhand • Markha Valley: Ladakh • Nubra Valley: Ladakh • Sangla Valley: Himachal Pradesh • Saur Valley: Uttarakhand • Suru Valley: Ladakh • Tons Valley: Uttarakhand • Yumthang Valley: Sikkim Geography Books Free Download Pdf
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